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finally, mortals appeared this was the onset of the Humanozic eon

humans have a singular set of genetic regions called accelerated human regions or HAR’s and these regions differentiate humans from other animals; humans developed enlarged brains that enable them to achieve language capabilities they also gained the skills to think to be conscious to recollect, and to imagine.

brain comparison of modern human with apes

The brain volume of people at large has discontinuously increased in three stages, the expansion of brain volume seems to be synchronized with large-scale volcanic eruptions this means that the rise in brain volume is caused by stem evolution driven by hi our magma, about 1 million 200 thousand years ago humans started moving out of the African continent the last common female ancestor who left the African continent 200,000 years ago is termed mitochondrial Eve, descendants of mitochondrial Eve entered North America and Central America 15,000 years ago 10,000 years ago further descendants reached the southern tip of South America that they had spread everywhere the globe, since then an epical advance of human civilization has taken place

Humans invented agriculture and livestock production; with these methods, a stable food supply became viable human populations increased rapidly. Various occupational specializations arose. People began to barter and trade to enable compelling bartering cities to formed; with time, small towns developed into small city-states with currencies, economies, laws, courts, and police. Finally, the four great civilizations of the planet appeared along large rivers where food productivity is beyond in other regions,

conflicts in fighting over territory occurred between civilizations to avoid fighting religions spread to exchange governance by royal families entrenched through inheritance, with time national leaders came to be elected by voters modern democratic nations appeared, democracy may be a social form that grants freedom, equality, and fundamental human rights.

The commercial Revolution began in Great Britain after the Principia by physicist was published, new technologies established or applied supported knowledge base dramatically changed human society, the invention of the locomotive enabled transportation of products by railway, the invention of cars and airplanes helped us to travel long distances quickly,

human society entered the age of never-before-seen abundance,

however, war occurred incessantly sometimes irreversible tragedy was caused by the misapplication of knowledge domain,

the information revolution arose following the invention of computers; it enabled men to explore the universe as was symbolized by the Apollo program and therefore the invention of the web led to a brand new era during which people across the planet can connect in an immediate.

UNITED NATION

Out of remorse over past Wars, the birth of a UNITED NATION (UN) came into existence in october 24 1945 the EU was formed as a unified state in Europe where Wars had recurred most often, in other areas, similar Federation's are emerging, bringing us closer to the birth of a harmonious world nation, within the scope of Earth's history the human azoic era is extremely short however it's humans entire history unfolding within the context of the Earth's history biologically individuals are only one species of animal, however, we are essentially different from other animals thanks to our evolved brains what else lies ahead for kinsfolk you

Human activities are captivated with fuel was produced and accumulated through Earth's history over billions of years we are now depletion these fuels at a furious pace, the number of fuel remaining is predicted to decrease sharply after 2020 it absolutely was once assumed that fuel would one out by 2100, however, thanks to the shale gas revolution this depletion are going to be delayed 100 years progress in medical technology, and also the intake of nutritious meals has caused explosive population growth; as a result, severe food shortages will occur around 2020 these will mark the start of the age of three billion refugees. However, the world's population is anticipated to decrease to five billion by 2100 after peaking at 10 billion in 2050

until 2050 the increasing population will still cause severe environmental contamination, numerous global challenges will amplify the anxiety within human societies, what does the longer term of mortals hold

In the field of science, innovative technologies are going to be developed at an accelerated pace; humans will build an area base on the moon to organize for a search of the planets of our solar system; artificially intelligent robots are going to be involved in space exploration, assisting humans within their tasks in the near future self-replicating robots will appear and can evolve beyond humans limits, these artificial life-forms will gradually travel out into the galaxy moreover new technology enabling us to travel into different dimensions are going to be developed humans must become able to recognize the planet beyond space and time eventually the role of kinsfolk are finished, which will be the tip of the Humanozoic era

this scenario is also the inevitable results of the strategy of life's evolution because, within the future, the planet will face more upheavals than ever before in its history

centering on Asia, all continents will gather to form the supercontinent Amasia

plants consume atmospheric co2 to fix carbon in their bodies, dead plants made of fixed carbon are covered by sediment; this process plays a role in reducing atmospheric co2, the appearance of the supercontinent Amasia will lead to an increase in the land area that can fix carbon more plants on a larger supercontinent reduce more atmospheric co2, the amount of co2 will decrease to one-tenth of the present level, the c4 plants requiring higher concentrations of co2 will go extinct, as a result, other animals that rely on the c4 plants for food will be affected,

seawater has been decreasing for the past six hundred million years as it has been transported into the mantle in the form of hydras minerals finally mid-oceanic ridges form summits above the seawater, water cannot be taken into the crust as a lubricant anymore, and plate tectonics is terminated, this is the fate of a cooling planet

volcanic activity along these subduction zones stops, the upheaval of the mountains stops, the Earth suffers severe environmental changes due to erosion, subducted cold plates do not go down to the bottom of the mantle, the outer core is not cooled down anymore, and the geomagnetic field disappears

The solar wind removes Earth's atmosphere at this point, large multicellular animals living in the surface environment go extinct when the ocean disappears, animals that survived in the sea will also die finally all the Earth's life disappears the heating up of the solar surface increases the Earth's surface temperature to 500 degrees Celsius, the Earth becomes a Venus-like planet

The andromeda galaxy collides with our Milky Way galaxy; because of this collision, stars' birth rate increases with time those stars undergo supernova explosions, intense galactic cosmic rays rain on, the expanding Sun will swallow the Earth. This is the day when the planet Earth that gave birth to life will disappear from the universe; by that time, the Earth's life will have reached other galaxies as self-replicating artificial life in a different form.

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Earth's core

The starburst period ended, and also the Earth's core reverted to a stronger dipole force field. Ongoing photosynthesis returned the oxygen within the atmosphere to previous levels. Meanwhile, the inner Earth was gradually cooling down when the inner Earth is hot enough the components of water trapped in minerals within the oceanic plates are released to the surface environment, and therefore the seawater level is unaffected. However, once the mantle temperature drops below 650 degrees celsius, minerals carry these water components down into the layer. Meanwhile, on the surface empty the components of water, sea levels gradually decrease. this can be referred to as the leaking Earth phenomena, which are inevitable on a cooling planet, and this leaking effect moved three percent of all seawater into the deeper mantle water level dropped by 600 meters. As a result, surface land areas grew, as did seabed areas receiving sunlight; a habitat for future life on Earth was being created.

Rivers carried nutrients from the islands all the way down to the continental shelves, and therefore the additional landmass significantly accelerated the build-up of oxygen within the atmosphere. These processes pave the way for explosive life-form developments.

Extreme climate changes continued putting life on a path to new evolutional stages for survival life evolved with prokaryotes and eukaryotes inhabitation as ever-larger symbiotic organisms compensating for every other's shortcomings and thriving as an entire this greatly expanded the probabilities for sorts of life.

Eukaryotes

Life forms grew to 1 million times the dimensions of eukaryotes and 1 trillion times the dimensions of prokaryotes, the looks of multicellular life was a critical leap for evolution.

Another ice age arrived, and life was massively extinct over time. This glaciation also passed, and also the global climate gradually warmed phosphorus and other materials essential always circulated through the climate system and accumulated within the oceans. The animals of the Ediacaran period appeared at now.

Dick and Sonia are iconic among the Ediacaran fauna; some grew to over 1 meter long. They were soft-bodied creatures with no shell or skeleton, and that they probably lived in warm shallow marine environments round the Rodinia supercontinent.

the availability of nutrients from the land was ever-increasing, as was atmospheric oxygen. the quantity of ferrous iron within the oceans increased the ferrous iron oxidized yet again creating large bands of iron phosphorus and calcium levels within the ocean increased life evolved to use these elements becoming animals with bones and shells, as an example, the calcium helped protect micro dikteon from other animals their bodies used calcium to create a covering of hard scales.

Life evolves to survive, making use of the weather in its environment, and therefore the Earth's environment alters the shapes of life.

The Earth entered another period of climatic instability. the world alternated between periods of maximum heat and extreme cold for tens of lots of years, and these severe changes killed off the Ediacaran fauna. Nevertheless, new species were getting ready to appear radiation from inside the world plays a major role within the evolution of life a continental rift could be a place where a continent breaks receptive expose erupting magma and radioactive elements radiation hastens the creation of latest species and new branches within the tree of life.

this can be stem evolution creating new species at continental rifts life evolved separately on each small continent, when small continents recombined their life forms crossbreed, different crossbreeding 'he's created new sorts of life variation thrived this is often crown evolution, continental collisions created more diverse surface environments bays and gulfs on large continents were especially well furnished with nutrients, from upstream making use of those nutrients Cambrian era life-forms diversified rather more quickly the Cambrian explosion created some 35 new phyla these phyla became the muse for the categories of plants and animals we see today, there are three main ways in which life evolved mass extinctions that eradicated many species stem evolution that hastened genetic mutations when continents broke apart and crown evolution that hastened bio diversification when continents collided, therefore the evolution of life is inextricably linked to environmental changes thanks to universal factors and continents assembling together and calling it quits.

The ocean was quite five times as saline because it was today 600 million years ago, the ocean gradually became less salty salt from seawater was relocated to the land within the kind of common salt decreasing sea levels made this possible through more exposed land, whether or not seawater rose again high enough to reclaim the mineral most of it had become inaccessible encased in sediments the decrease in seawater salinity made the ocean more hospitable to diverse life-forms estuaries and open seas welcomed new life, with increasing atmospheric oxygen levels an layer formed within the Earth's upper atmosphere the ozonosphere absorbs ultraviolet light from the sun the land was becoming a more habitable environment.

Algie

Algie was the primary life-form to transition out of the water onto the challenging land environment. this is often why algae evolved before animals did. When insects appeared, they co-evolved along with plants.

Appearing during the Cambrian explosion, fish was the primary of the vertebrates animals with backbones fish are the oldest vertebrate ancestors people, humans as fish continued to evolve xeo Steger appeared the ancestor of amphibians plants flourished producing free oxygen through photosynthesis providing the atmosphere with 1.5 times the maximum amount oxygen because it has today, long after the remains of those plants would become sedimentary coal that coal would help fuel the remarkable breakthroughs for the human civilization that started with the commercial revolution.

Next, vertebrates equipped with lungs appeared and made their way ashore. The tree of life evolved, branching from fish to amphibians to reptiles then dinosaurs and mammals and eventually to humans.

The scheme collided with the dark nebula. because the scheme older the nebula, the world was bombarded with cosmic rays. the planet entered one more frozen age plants were affected, first dramatically reducing the oxygen they supplied to the atmosphere, the surface environment reverted to an anaerobic state like during the archean period the dearth of oxygen killed off most species of amphibians, reptiles, and insects, life managed to continue evolving but faced another big challenge, untouched by the evolutionary changes on the Earth's surface anaerobic microorganisms had been thriving in oxygen-poor underground environments the new oxygen-poor surface environment allowed them to re-emerge onto land and in oceans their native habitat expanded across the world, as oxygen levels rose again these microorganisms evolved to adapt to the new environmental conditions set the stage for an additional phase of evolution.

The emergence of latest creatures that may evolve into humans was close at hand,

On the supercontinent Pangea, mammals, and reptiles appeared and began evolving under a warm climate, while reptiles diversified into many types mammals remained nocturnal rat-sized animals, the mammals were within the shadows with the looks of dinosaurs reptiles entered for the golden age, dinosaurs prevailed against many other animal species and won the struggle for survival high-radiation magma is produced when a continent is split apart, and this is often where stem evolution occurs thanks to induced mutation, dinosaurs were at the head of their ecosystems.

The pieces of northern Pangaea that had split later rejoined this caused crown evolution, an amalgamation of continents brings the hybridization of life and new species displayed to other continents.

Dinosaurs flourished everywhere the globe. within the plant world, angiosperms with advanced reproductive capacities appeared. Angiosperms utilize animals to assist with pollination and thus flourished. On the opposite hand, the habitat of gymnosperms was reduced.

Primates, the ancestors of humans, appeared at the rift of the Gondwana supercontinent via stem evolution. New species appeared among the rodents, like rats. When Gondwana divided into Latin America and Africa, the primates there transformed into the new world apes after South America was separated On the African continent, the primates evolved into old-world monkeys after the Indian subcontinent split far from Antarctica primates on this continent evolved into the lorises primates evolved independently on each continent and during this way, many species of primate appeared.

A large-scale pacific super-plume pushed the pacific plate up and raised the ocean, level lowlands fell below water level, and also the total expanse decreased, rising sea-levels segmented the continent providing isolated environments for individualized morphological evolution.

A universe scale event had changed layer environment the system collided with a dark nebula, and also the Earth was entirely covered by clouds, global cooling progressed catastrophically, damaging ecosystems finally, a meteorite ten kilometers across fell on the Yucatan Peninsula, this event was the ultimate trigger to cause the mass extinction of dinosaurs.

The fate of the Earth's life is deeply connected to the events within the universe, and universe-scale events can cause global cooling and mass extinctions. Moreover, galactic cosmic rays directly affect the DNA that carries the blueprints of life, and cosmic rays cause mutations which promote evolution all aspects of life on the planet are thus influenced by universe scale events finally the dinosaurs that had flourished went extinct.

Along the African valley, explosive volcanic activity continued, and peculiar magma containing abundant radioactive elements erupted old-world monkeys. a brand new clade of primates appeared there. They're thought to be our remote ancestors.

About 4.5 billion years have passed since the birth of the planet large fluctuations in terrestrial environments have repeatedly occurred, a never-ending cycle of life and death.

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In the Earth's HADEAN eon, tidal forces were far more pronounced than they're today. Even lakes had a giant urban flow of water, creating wet and dry cycles. These moist and dry cycles were one of the foremost crucial factors in producing the building blocks of life, and fatty acids came together, encasing the proto life molecules polymerization progressed under the wet and dry cycles,

Eventually, protein-like raw materials that might act as catalysts were produced. These molecules circulated between the geyser cave and so the surface environment. The interactions of these materials led to additional composite biomolecules.

RNA

Proto RNA combined with enzyme-like raw materials and evolved into ribozymes that may replicate themselves. This laid the groundwork forever to breed. Finally, these molecules were enclosed within lipid membranes forming primitive proto cellular energy, which was the beginning of life.

The Earth's architecture which had begun with the creation of its ocean eventually destroyed its prime elements and classified it to the deep mantle,

METABOLISM

By 4 billion years ago the mother continent had disappeared leaving life on the margins of a fragmented landmass, inside the earth a dramatic change was near begin the subducted primordial continent descended toward the core-mantle boundary, the wealth of radioactive elements within the primordial continent caused the uppermost an element of the core to melt, by 4.2 billion years ago the newly-created liquid outer core was strengthening the Earth's field protecting the surface environment against solar winds and cosmic rays, as a result life could exist on the surface environment the supply of energy and nutrients through material circulation is vital forever, the essential mechanism to require care of life is an endless flow of electrons the first pro to life couldn't survive very removed from the nuclear geyser due to insufficient energy, mutations however allowed life to evolve the more resilient life-forms were able to adapt and survive in harsh environments, this second stage of proto life evolved to make use of the daylight available on the layer they developed a metabolism that converted light energy into electrochemical energy, moreover thay use stored energy in the form sugars at night hours.

DNA

The source of energy for all times on Earth shifted from nuclear geysers to the sun. Around 4.1 billion years ago, the ocean was still extremely toxic, killing off most of the proto life-forms within it nevertheless some proto life-forms survived, the acute environment they developed protective mechanisms to prevent the metallic ions within the ocean water from entering their protocells this proto life began merging into more extensive and more complex forms, modern life-forms use only twenty styles of amino acids this means our ancestors that used the identical amino acids were those who survived the mass extinction, evolution walks a difficult tightrope between continuing and ending unstable RNA evolved through radiation into more durable DNA making it possible to pass information across generations reliably, and also the third stage of proto life was born this was the beginning of prokaryotic organisms the ancestors of today's archaea and bacteria.

When unbound to the opposite material, oxygen could also be toxic to life because oxygen destroys the reductive life body. Therefore the first photosynthetic organisms would are anaerobic microbes that produced no oxygen. Life, however, adapted taking advantage of oxygen as source of additional energy. This development resulted within the looks of cyanobacteria.

CYANOBACTERIA

Cyanobacteria produced oxygen which crystallized into felsic iron-bearing oxide, reducing the iron content of the ocean still the ocean was five times as saline because it's today.

because the Earth's interior cooled, old slabs of the primordial crust resting at the underside of the layer fell into the lower cover. Meanwhile, numerous mantle plumes ascended from the layer into the upper mantle; this phenomenon is believed as mantle overturn.

Mantle plumes pushed the basaltic crust upward, generating landmass. This created shallow marine environments penetrated by sunlight which allowed the cyanobacteria to flourish, the oxygen produced by the cyanobacteria gradually altered the Earth's atmosphere; on the seabed, ferric and ferrous iron were accumulating within the type of hematite and magnetite, creating an infinite banded iron formation, by 2.5 billion years ago the remaining banded iron formation was some kilometers thick, this rapid decrease in iron content changed the color of the ocean to a well-recognized blue, life began to change the surface environment such is that the coevolution of the globe and its inhabitants this was an important step in life on Earth's long journey towards civilization.

MILKY WAY GALAXY

A collision between the Milky Way and a close-by dwarf galaxy produced countless glowing stars. Within some thousand years, variety of those stars led to supernova explosions, a myriad of cosmic rays from the supernova deteriorated the sun's heliosphere and bombarded the globe, these cosmic rays help generate cloud condensation nuclei which produced more and more clouds until the world was blanketed entirely with them the thick overcast prevented sunlight from reaching the surface of the globe, the world underwent a worldwide glaciation event said because the snowball Earth this caused another global mass extinction, but another time some life survived yet another difficult period beneath the ice sheet, tiny life was protected by the Earth's massive circulating system, and also the planet is similarly held in place by the scheme and also the expansive universe, life is but one part of an infinite structure.

The prokaryotes survived the snowball Earth evolving into more complex life like endosymbiotic systems inhabitancy inside cells. They formed mitochondria and chloroplasts, which allowed them to induce more energy from oxygen. one prokaryote body could contain thousands of mitochondria, and a nuclear membrane began protecting DNA from the oxygen dense ocean water; DNA strands grew longer, retaining ever more genetic information life evolved into more diverse and sophisticated organisms, at long last, the eukaryotes appeared the eukaryotes developed 1,000,000 times larger than the prokaryotes, in theory, everything inevitably falls into Disorder, but life is chaotic and extremely complicated, life seems to continue evolving undeterred by universal entropy.

plate tectonic theory caused small developing continents to assemble into one supercontinent called Nuna. The forming of Nuna led to an expanding ecosystem for cyanobacteria on lakes, rivers, wetlands and estuaries.

Cyanobacteria produce free oxygen through photosynthesis at that time; however, most of the free oxygen produced was consumed in decomposing dead.

Cyanobacteria so little free oxygen accumulated within the atmosphere on land; however, dead cyanobacteria got buried under sediments, so oxygen that may have de-escalated their bodies instead ended up within the atmosphere. The presence of an oversized landmass helped increase the quantity of oxygen within the atmosphere because the complete area on the surface of the globe grew, so too did atmospheric oxygen levels dramatically.

The Supercontinent Nuna over time split into smaller continents.. Still, once again, tectonics reassembled a supercontinent; this one is termed Rodinia within the equator region slabs of oceanic plates subducted under continental plates gradually accumulated within the mantle transition zone; eventually, these slabs fell into the core the slabs cooled the outer core changing the flow of electricity within. As a result, the cores dipole field of force transformed into a weaker quadrupole flux.

The galaxy System galaxy collided with a dwarf galaxy and underwent to transition into starburst conditions. Over time these newly produced stars led to supernova explosions bombarding the globe with cosmic rays, the planet with its weak quadrupole flux was heavily affected clouds covered the whole Earth and ice-covered its surface a series of supernova explosions occurred long periods of utmost heat were punctuated by shorter periods of maximum cold, within the extremely cold periods. Oxygen within the atmosphere fell to archaean eon levels causing mass extinctions. These mass extinctions, however, created great opportunities for keeps to evolve into something completely new, repeated influxes of cosmic rays and drastic fluctuations in oxygen levels. These environmental changes caused genetic mutations that accelerated the looks of recent species.

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Formation Of Life

Billions of years ago, on the young planet Earth, simple organic compounds assembled into more complex coalitions that could grow and reproduce. They were the first life on Earth, and they gave rise to every one of the billions of species that have inhabited our planet since.

At the time, Earth was almost completely devoid of what we’d recognize as a suitable environment for living things. The young planet had widespread volcanic activity and an atmosphere that created hostile conditions.

So, where on Earth could life begin? To begin searching for the cradle of life, it’s important to first understand the necessities for any life form. Elements and compounds essential to life include hydrogen, methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, phosphates, and ammonia. For these ingredients to comingle and react with each other, they need a liquid solvent: water. And to grow and reproduce, all life needs a source of energy.

Life forms are divided into two camps: autotrophs, like plants, that generate their energy, and heterotrophs, like animals, consume other organisms for energy. The first life form wouldn’t have had other organisms to consume, of course, so it must have been an autotroph, generating energy either from the sun or from chemical gradients.

So what locations meet these criteria? Places on land or close to the surface of the ocean have the advantage of access to sunlight. But when life began, the UV radiation on Earth’s surface was likely too harsh for life to survive there. One set offers protection from this radiation and an alternative energy source: the hydrothermal vents that wind across the ocean floor, covered by kilometres of seawater and bathed in complete darkness.

A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in the Earth’s crust where seawater seeps into magma chambers and is ejected back out at high temperatures, along with a rich slurry of minerals simple chemical compounds. Energy is particularly concentrated at the steep chemical gradients of hydrothermal vents.

There’s another line of evidence pointing to hydrothermal vents: the Last Universal Common Ancestor of life, or LUCA for short.

LUCA wasn’t the first life form, but it’s as far back as we can trace. Even so, we don’t know what LUCA looked like there’s no LUCA fossil, no modern-day LUCA still around instead, scientists identified genes that are commonly found in species across all three domains of life that exist today. Since these genes are shared across species and domains, they must have been inherited from a common ancestor. These shared genes tell us that LUCA lived in a hot, oxygen-free place and harvested energy from a chemical gradient like the ones at hydrothermal vents.

There are two kinds of hydrothermal vents: black smokers and white smokers. Black smokers release acidic, carbon-dioxide-rich water, heated to hundreds of degrees Celsius and packed with sulfur, iron, copper, and other metals essential to life. But scientists now believe that black smokers were too hot for LUCA so now the top candidates for the cradle of life are white smokers.

Among the white smokers, a field of hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge called Lost City has become the most favoured candidate for the cradle of life. The seawater expelled here is highly alkaline and lacks carbon dioxide but is rich in methane and offers more hospitable temperatures. Adjacent black smokers may have contributed the carbon dioxide necessary for life to evolve at Lost City, giving it all the components to support the first organisms that radiated into the incredible diversity of life on Earth today.

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Formation Of Life

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